Impact of Residential Social Deprivation on Prediction of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: External Validation and Recalibration of the WATCH-DM Score Using Real World Data.

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes are at risk of heart failure hospitalization. As social determinants of health are rarely included in risk models, we validated and recalibrated the WATCH-DM score in a diverse patient-group using their social deprivation index (SDI). METHODS: We identified US Veterans with type 2 diabetes without heart failure that received outpatient care during 2010 at Veterans Affairs medical centers nationwide, linked them to their SDI using residential ZIP codes and grouped them as SDI <20%, 21% to 40%, 41% to 60%, 61% to 80%, and >80% (higher values represent increased deprivation). Accounting for all-cause mortality, we obtained the incidence for heart failure hospitalization at 5 years follow-up; overall and in each SDI group. We evaluated the WATCH-DM score using the C statistic, the Greenwood Nam D'Agostino test χ2 test and calibration plots and further recalibrated the WATCH-DM score for each SDI group using a statistical correction factor. RESULTS: In 1 065 691 studied patients (mean age 67 years, 25% Black and 6% Hispanic patients), the 5-year incidence of heart failure hospitalization was 5.39%. In SDI group 1 (least deprived) and 5 (most deprived), the 5-year heart failure hospitalization was 3.18% and 11%, respectively. The score C statistic was 0.62; WATCH-DM systematically overestimated heart failure risk in SDI groups 1 to 2 (expected/observed ratios, 1.38 and 1.36, respectively) and underestimated the heart failure risk in groups 4 to 5 (expected/observed ratios, 0.95 and 0.80, respectively). Graphical evaluation demonstrated that the recalibration of WATCH-DM using an SDI group-based correction factor improved predictive capabilities as supported by reduction in the χ2 test results (801-27 in SDI groups I; 623-23 in SDI group V). CONCLUSIONS: Including social determinants of health to recalibrate the WATCH-DM score improved risk prediction highlighting the importance of including social determinants in future clinical risk prediction models.

Higher complication rates following primary total shoulder arthroplasty in patients presenting from areas of higher social deprivation.

Aims: The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of social deprivation on the rate of complications, readmissions, and revisions following primary total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), using the Social Deprivation Index (SDI). The SDI is a composite measurement, in percentages, of seven demographic characteristics: living in poverty, with < 12 years of education, single-parent households, living in rented or overcrowded housing, households without a car, and unemployed adults aged < 65 years. Methods: Patients aged ≥ 40 years, who underwent primary TSA between 2011 and 2017, were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 Clinical Modification and ICD-10 procedure codes for TSA in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database. Readmission, reoperation, and other complications were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for SDI, age, ethnicity, insurance status, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results: A total of 17,698 patients with a mean age of 69 years (SD 9.6), of whom 57.7% were female, underwent TSA during this time and 4,020 (22.7%) had at least one complication. A total of 8,113 patients (45.8%) had at least one comorbidity, and the median SDI in those who developed complications 12 months postoperatively was significantly greater than in those without a complication (33 vs 38; p < 0.001). Patients from areas with higher deprivation had increased one-, three-, and 12-month rates of readmission, dislocation, humeral fracture, urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, and wound complications, as well as a higher three-month rate of pulmonary embolism (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Beyond medical complications, we found that patients with increased social deprivation had higher rates of humeral fracture and dislocation following primary TSA. The large sample size of this study, and the outcomes that were measured, add to the literature greatly in comparison with other large database studies involving TSA. These findings allow orthopaedic surgeons practising in under-served or low-volume areas to identify patients who may be at greater risk of developing complications.

Race, community disadvantage, and cognitive decline: Findings from KHANDLE and STAR.

INTRODUCTION: Community disadvantage is associated with late-life cognition. Few studies examine its contribution to racial disparities in cognition/cognitive change. METHODS: Inverse probability weighted models estimated expected mean differences in cognition/cognitive change attributed to residing in less advantaged communities, defined as cohort top quintile of Area Deprivation Indices (ADI): childhood 66-100; adulthood ADI 5-99). Interactions by race tested. RESULTS: More Black participants resided in less advantaged communities. Semantic memory would be lower if all participants had resided in less advantaged childhood (b = -0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.30, -0.03) or adulthood (b = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.22, -0.04) communities. Race interactions indicated that, among Black participants, less advantaged childhood communities were associated with higher verbal episodic memory (interaction p-value = 0.007) and less advantaged adulthood communities were associated with lower semantic memory (interaction p-value = 0.002). DISCUSSION: Examining racial differences in levels of community advantage and late-life cognitive decline is a critical step toward unpacking community effects on cognitive disparities.

Social Deprivation and End-of-Life Care Use Among Adults With Cancer.

PURPOSE: Socioeconomic differences are partially responsible for racial inequities in cancer outcomes, yet the association of area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and race with end-of-life (EOL) cancer care quality is poorly understood. METHODS: This retrospective study used electronic medical records from an academic health system to identify 33,635 adults with cancer who died between 2013 and 2019. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between decedent characteristics and EOL care, including emergency department (ED) visits, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, palliative care consultation (PCC), hospice order, and in-hospital deaths. Social deprivation index was used to measure socioeconomic disadvantages. RESULTS: Racially minoritized decedents had higher odds of ICU stay than the least deprived White decedents (eg, other race Q3: aOR, 2.06 [99% CI, 1.26 to 0.3.39]). White and Black decedents from more deprived areas had lower odds of ED visit (White Q3: aOR, 0.382 [99% CI, 0.263 to 0.556]; Black Q3: aOR, 0.566 [99% CI, 0.373 to 0.858]) than least deprived White decedents. Compared with White decedents living in least deprived areas, racially minoritized decedents had higher odds of receiving PCC and hospice order, whereas White decedents in most deprived areas had lower odds of PCC (aOR, 0.727 [99% CI, 0.592 to 0.893]) and hospice order (aOR, 0.845 [99% CI, 0.724 to 0.986]). Greater deprivation was associated with greater odds of hospital death relative to least deprived White decedents, but only among minoritized decedents (eg, Black Q4: aOR, 2.16 [99% CI, 1.82 to 2.56]). CONCLUSION: Area-level socioeconomic disadvantage is not uniformly associated with poorer EOL cancer care, with differences among decedents of different racial groups.

Are Social Deprivation and Low Traditional Health Literacy Associated With Higher PROMIS CAT Completion in Orthopaedic Surgery?

BACKGROUND: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) may be used to assess an individual patient's perspective of their physical, mental, and social health through either standard or computer adaptive testing (CAT) patient questionnaires. These questionnaires are used across disciplines; however, they have seen considerable application in orthopaedic surgery. Patient characteristics associated with PROMIS CAT completion have not been examined within the context of social determinants of health, such as social deprivation or health literacy, nor has patient understanding of the content of PROMIS CAT been assessed. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What patient demographics, including social deprivation, are associated with completion of PROMIS CAT questionnaires? (2) Is health literacy level associated with completion of PROMIS CAT questionnaires? (3) Do patients with lower health literacy have a higher odds of completing PROMIS CAT without fully understanding the content? METHODS: Between June 2022 and August 2022, a cross-sectional study was performed via a paper survey administered to patients at a single, urban, quaternary academic medical center in orthopaedic subspecialty clinics of foot and ankle, trauma, and hand/upper extremity surgeons. We considered all English-speaking patients aged 18 or older, including those with limited reading and/or writing abilities, as eligible provided they received an iPad in clinic to complete the PROMIS CAT questionnaire as part of their routine standard clinical care or they completed the questionnaire via a patient portal before the visit. In all, 946 patients were considered eligible during the study period and a convenience sample of 36% (339 of 946) of patients was approached for inclusion due to clinic time constraints. Fifteen percent (52 of 339) declined to participate, leaving 85% (287 of 339) of patients for analysis here. Median (range) age of study participants was 49 years (35 to 64). Fifty-eight percent (167 of 287) of study participants self-identified as non-Hispanic Black or African American and 26% (75 of 287) as non-Hispanic White. Even proportions were observed across education levels (high school graduate or less, 29% [82 of 287]; some college, 25% [73 of 287]; college graduate, 25% [71 of 287]; advanced degree, 20% [58 of 287]). Eighteen percent (52 of 287) of patients reported an annual income bracket of USD 0 to 13,000, and 17% (48 of 287) reported more than USD 120,000. Forty-six percent (132 of 287) of patients worked full-time, 21% (59 of 287) were retired, and 23% (66 of 287) were unemployed or on disability. The primary outcome of interest was self-reported PROMIS CAT questionnaire completion grouped as: fully completed, partially completed, or no part completed. Overall, self-reported PROMIS CAT questionnaire completion proportions were: 80% (229 of 287) full completion, 13% (37 of 287) partial completion, and 7% (21 of 287) no part completed. We collected the National Area Deprivation Index (ADI) score and the Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool (BRIEF) as part of the study survey to associate with level of completion. Additionally, patient understanding of PROMIS CAT was assessed through Likert-scaled responses to a study survey question that directly asked whether the patient understood all of the questions on the PROMIS CAT questionnaire. Responses to this question may have been limited by social desirability bias, and hence may overestimate how many individuals genuinely understood the questionnaire content. However, the benefit of this approach was it efficiently allowed us to estimate the ceiling effect of patient comprehension of PROMIS CAT and likely had a high degree of specificity for detecting lack of comprehension. RESULTS: ADI score adjusted for age was not associated with PROMIS CAT completion (partial completion OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.98 to 1.01]; p = 0.72, no part completed OR 1.01 [95% CI 0.99 to 1.03]; p = 0.45). Patients with lower health literacy scores, however, were more likely to not complete any part of their assigned questionnaires than patients with higher scores (no part completed OR 0.85 [95% CI 0.75 to 0.97]; p = 0.02). Additionally, 74% (26 of 35) of patients who did not fully understand all of the PROMIS CAT questionnaire questions still fully completed them-hence, 11% (26 of 229) of all patients who fully completed PROMIS CAT did not fully understand the content. Among patients self-reporting full completion of PROMIS CAT with health literacy data (99% [227 of 229]), patients with inadequate/marginal health literacy were more likely than patients with adequate health literacy to not fully understand all of the questions (21% [14 of 67] versus 8% [12 of 160], OR 3.26 [95% CI 1.42 to 7.49]; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Within an urban, socioeconomically diverse, orthopaedic patient population, health literacy was associated with PROMIS CAT questionnaire completion. Lower health literacy levels increased the likelihood of not completing any part of the assigned PROMIS CAT questionnaires. Additionally, patients completed PROMIS CAT without fully understanding the questions. This indicates that patient completion does not guarantee comprehension of the questions nor validity of their scores, even more so among patients with low health literacy. This is a substantive concern for fidelity of data gathered from PROMIS CAT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical implementation of the PROMIS CAT in orthopaedic populations will benefit from further research into health literacy to increase questionnaire completion and to ensure that patients understand the content of the questions they are answering, which will increase the internal validity of the outcome measure.

Correlations Between Relative Prevalence of Celiac Disease and Sociodemographic Variables in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the associations between celiac disease (CD) prevalence and regional sociodemographic variables in the United States. METHODS: The outcome was CD relative prevalence, defined as number of patients with CD among those in a Medicare registry per 3-digit ZIP code. Linear regression models assessed associations between relative prevalence of CD and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: CD relative prevalence was positively correlated with median income, urban area, and proximity to a CD specialty center and negatively correlated with Black race, Latino/Hispanic ethnicity, and median social deprivation index score ( P < 0.01, all). DISCUSSION: CD relative prevalence is associated with indicators of economic advantage.

Respective roles of social deprivation, health literacy, and clinical factors for COVID-19: a case-control study in hospitalized patients.

Introduction: To investigate the association between social deprivation and COVID-19 among hospitalized patients in an underprivileged department of the greater Paris area. Methods: Individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 between March 1st and October 31, 2020, were included, matched on age and sex, and compared with patients hospitalized for any other reason with negative RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, through a case-control study. Clinical, socio-demographic characteristics, health literacy, and social deprivation, assessed by the EPICES score, were collected. Factors associated with COVID-19 in hospitalized patients were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 69 cases and 180 controls were included. Participants were mostly men (N = 148: 59.4%) aged 65 or older (N = 109: 44.1%). Median EPICES score was 43.2 (IQR 29.4-62.9). EPICES score > 30.17 (precariousness threshold) was not significantly associated with COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.46; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.21-1.01]). Advanced age, higher BMI, professional activity, home area of less than 25 m2 per person, and low health literacy, were significantly associated with COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Discussion: This study highlights probable risk factors for specific exposition in disadvantaged area: maintenance of professional activity, smaller home area, and low health literacy.

Social deprivation and exclusion in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe prevalence and associated factors of social deprivation in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Data were taken from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a multidisciplinary, cross-national and longitudinal research project. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults from waves 5 (2013, n=66 188) and 6 (2015, n=68 186) of the SHARE dataset. After longitudinal analyses, participants in wave 5 can be retrospectively divided into the following three subgroups: PwPD at wave 5 (n=559), people newly reported PD from wave 5 to wave 6 (prodromal PD; n=215) and people without PD (n=46 737). OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence and associated factors of social deprivation in PD, its impact on quality of life (QoL) and its onset within the course of PD. RESULTS: PwPD had higher indices for material and social deprivation than non-PD participants, and 20% of PwPD were at risk of social exclusion. Social deprivation alone accounted for 35% and material deprivation for 21% of QoL variance and remained significant predictors of QoL after adjustment for cofactors. Social deprivation and risk of social exclusion were already increased in people with prodromal PD, and accordingly preceded PD diagnosis in wave 6. CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of PD, we should consider the impact of social deprivation and exclusion on QoL and their association with mental and physical functioning. However, the relevance of social deprivation as a prodromal phenomenon requires further investigation.

Influence of social deprivation on morbidity and all-cause mortality of cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cohort analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.

BACKGROUND: The relation of social deprivation with single cardiometabolic disease (CMD) was widely investigated, whereas the association with cardiometabolic multi-morbidity (CMM), defined as experiencing more than two CMDs during the lifetime, is poorly understood. METHODS: We analyzed 345,417 UK Biobank participants without any CMDs at recruitment to study the relation between social deprivation and four CMDs including type II diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke and hypertension. Social deprivation was measured by Townsend deprivation index (TDI), and CMM was defined as occurrence of two or more of the above four diseases. Multivariable Cox models were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) per one standard deviation (SD) change and in quartile (Q1-Q4, with Q1 as reference), as well as 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: During the follow up, 68,338 participants developed at least one CMD (median follow up of 13.2 years), 16,225 further developed CMM (median follow up of 13.4 years), and 18,876 ultimately died from all causes (median follow up of 13.4 years). Compared to Q1 of TDI (lowest deprivation), the multivariable adjusted HR (95%CIs) of Q4 (highest deprivation) among participants free of any CMDs was 1.23 (1.20 ~ 1.26) for developing one CMD, 1.42 (1.35 ~ 1.48) for developing CMM, and 1.34 (1.27 ~ 1.41) for all-cause mortality. Among participants with one CMD, the adjusted HR (95%CIs) of Q4 was 1.30 (1.27 ~ 1.33) for developing CMM and 1.34 (1.27 ~ 1.41) for all-cause mortality, with HR (95%CIs) = 1.11 (1.06 ~ 1.16) for T2D patients, 1.07 (1.03 ~ 1.11) for CAD patients, 1.07 (1.00 ~ 1.15) for stroke patients, and 1.24 (1.21 ~ 1.28) for hypertension patients. Among participants with CMM, TDI was also related to the risk of all-cause mortality (HR of Q4 = 1.35, 95%CIs 1.28 ~ 1.43). CONCLUSIONS: We revealed that people living with high deprived conditions would suffer from higher hazard of CMD, CMM and all-cause mortality.

Investigating social deprivation and comorbid mental health diagnosis as predictors of treatment access among patients with an opioid use disorder using substance use services: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use is a major public health concern across the globe. Opioid use and subsequent access to care is often shaped by co-occurring issues faced by people using opioids, such as deprivation, mental ill-health, and other forms of substance use. We investigated the role of social deprivation and comorbid mental health diagnoses in predicting re-engagement with substance use services or contact with crisis and inpatient services for individuals with opioid use disorder in secondary mental health care in inner-city London. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study which followed individuals diagnosed with a first episode of opioid use disorder who accessed substance use services between September 2015 and May 2020 for up to 12 months, using anonymised electronic health records. We employed negative binominal regression and Cox proportional survival analyses to assess associations between exposures and outcomes. RESULTS: Comorbid mental health diagnoses were associated with higher contact rates with crisis/inpatient services among people with opioid use disorder: incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 3.91 (1.74-9.14) for non-opioid substance use comorbidity, 8.92 (1.81-64.4) for a single comorbid mental health diagnosis, and 15.9 (5.89-47.5) for multiple comorbid mental health diagnoses. Social deprivation was not associated with contact rates with crisis/inpatient services within this sample. Similar patterns were found with time to first crisis/inpatient contact. Social deprivation and comorbid mental health diagnoses were not associated with re-engagement with substance use services. CONCLUSION: Comorbid substance and mental health difficulties amongst people with an opioid use disorder led to earlier and more frequent contact with crisis/inpatient mental health services during the first 12 months of follow up. Given the common co-occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders among those who use opioids, a better understanding of their wider needs (such as social, financial and other non-medical concerns) will ensure they are supported in their treatment journeys.

Impact of gender, ethnicity and social deprivation on access to surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement in aortic stenosis: a retrospective database study in England.

OBJECTIVE: To assess gender, ethnicity, and deprivation-based differences in provision of aortic valve replacement (AVR) in England for adults with aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS: We retrospectively identified adults with AS from the English Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) between April 2016 and March 2019 and those who subsequently had an AVR. We separately used HES-linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to identify people with AVR and evaluate the timeliness of their procedure (CPRD-AVR cohort). ORs for AVR in people with an AS diagnosis were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, region and comorbidity. AVR was considered timely if performed electively and without evidence of cardiac decompensation before AVR. RESULTS: 183 591 adults with AS were identified in HES; of these, 31 436 underwent AVR. The CPRD-AVR cohort comprised 10 069 adults. Women had lower odds of receiving AVR compared with men (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.66); as did people of black (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.82) or South Asian (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.82) compared with people of white ethnicities. People in the most deprived areas were less likely to receive AVR than the least deprived areas (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.86). Timely AVR occurred in 65% of those of white ethnicities compared with 55% of both those of black and South Asian ethnicities. 77% of the least deprived had a timely procedure compared with 58% of the most deprived; there was no gender difference. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, national dataset, female gender, black or South Asian ethnicities and high deprivation were associated with significantly reduced odds of receiving AVR in England. A lower proportion of people of minority ethnicities or high deprivation had a timely procedure. Public health initiatives may be required to increase clinician and public awareness of unconscious biases towards minority and vulnerable populations to ensure timely AVR for everyone.

The Relationship between Diet and the Occurrence of Depressive Symptoms in a Community Example with High Rates of Social Deprivation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Research suggests that various biological and psychosocial mechanisms are involved in the heterogeneous and complex relationship between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. The occurrence of depressive symptoms is thought to be related to socioeconomic status (SES), with those with lower SES being more likely to experience persistent depression. The aim of the undertaken study was to investigate whether socioeconomic and health variables are associated with dietary assessment in a population with high rates of social deprivation and whether a relationship exists between dietary assessment and depressive symptoms (DS). The respondents' nutrition was evaluated through a qualitative method, using the Perinumeric Periodic Table questionnaire by Starzynska. At the same time, the prevalence of DS was assessed employing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). In the DS screening (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), in the entire study population, the risk of DS was 16.1% (n = 605). In our entire study population, up to 61.2% (n = 2297) of the respondents exhibited poor dietary patterns. In the multivariate model, women with almost adequate or poor dietary assessment were 1.62 and 2.18 times more likely to score at least 10 on the PHQ-9 questionnaire, as compared to women whose dietary assessment was good or adequate. In conclusion, it was determined that sociodemographic variables affect nutritional habits. Women who lived in rural areas limited to a vocational education had significantly poorer diets. Moreover, men, younger men, smokers, and those without chronic diseases were characterized by a poorer dietary assessment. Additionally, women who had a better dietary assessment were significantly more likely to have lower scores on the questionnaire assessing the occurrence of DS (PHQ-9 10).

Social Deprivation and Population Density Trajectories Before and After Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis.

Importance: People with psychosis are more likely to be born and live in densely populated and socioeconomically deprived environments, but it is unclear whether these associations are a cause or consequence of disorder. Objective: To investigate whether trajectories of exposure to deprivation and population density before and after diagnosis are associated with psychotic disorders or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nested case-control study included all individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2001, diagnosed for the first time with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) psychotic disorder or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder between their 15th birthday and cohort exit (December 31, 2016). One sex- and birth year-matched control participant per case was selected. Data analysis was performed from July 2021 to June 2023. Exposures: The main exposures were quintiles of neighborhood-level deprivation and population density each year from birth to age 14 years and from first diagnosis until cohort exit. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were the odds of a serious mental illness outcome associated with trajectories of deprivation and population density, before and after diagnosis in cases. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to derive trajectories of each exposure in each period. Logistic regression was used to examine associations with outcomes. Results: A total of 53 458 individuals (median [IQR] age at diagnosis in case patients, 23.2 [15.0-34.8] years; 30 746 [57.5%] female), including 26 729 case patients and 26 729 control participants, were studied. From birth to early adolescence, gradients were observed in exposure to deprivation and population density trajectories during upbringing and psychotic disorder, with those in the most vs least deprived (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.28) and most vs least densely populated (AOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.34-1.66) trajectories at greatest risk. A strong upward mobility trajectory to less deprived neighborhoods was associated with similar risk to living in the least deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.12). Only 543 case patients (2.0%) drifted into more deprived areas after diagnosis; people with psychotic disorder were more likely to belong to this trajectory (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.65) or remain in the most deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.24-1.48) relative to controls. Patterns were similar for nonpsychotic bipolar disorder and deprivation but weaker for population density. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case-control study, greater exposure to deprivation during upbringing was associated with increased risk of serious mental illness, but upward mobility mitigated this association. People with serious mental illness disproportionately remained living in more deprived areas after diagnosis, highlighting issues of social immobility. Prevention and treatment should be proportionately located in deprived areas according to need.

Disparate Impact: How Does Social Deprivation Affect Patient-reported Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents?

BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that lower socioeconomic status is associated with delays in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries; however, there is a paucity of literature evaluating its association with patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated proxy for socioeconomic status, the study aimed to determine how relative socioeconomic disadvantage is related to PROs after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all patients 18 years old or above who underwent primary ACLR at an academic institution between 2018 and 2021. Exclusion criteria included multiligament injury, congenital ACL absence, and absent outcomes data. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. A Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 50 Pediatric self-report questionnaire was completed at postoperative visits, and domain scores for pain, physical function/mobility, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and peer relationships were generated. The National ADI percentile was calculated using the patients' addresses. Patients were divided into quartiles (low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe ADI), and comparative analyses were performed to determine the relationship between ADI and PROMIS. RESULTS: A total of 413 patients were identified, including 49% (n=207), 33% (n=139), 11% (n=48), and 7% (n=30) from the low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe deprivation areas, respectively. As compared with those in the low-deprivation quartile, patients in the severe deprivation quartile had delayed time to the first clinic visit (11 vs. 16.5 d, P=0.044) and surgery (51 vs. 80 d, P=0.004). There were no differences in the number of additional procedures required at index surgery. All quartiles had progressive improvements in physical function/mobility and pain scores throughout recovery, but at 9 months, there was significantly more pain in the severe deprivation cohort, despite no difference in self-reported physical function and mobility. Those with severe socioeconomic disadvantage had worse psychosocial outcomes, including significantly increased depression, fatigue, and anxiety and decreased peer relationship scores. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no differences in preoperative PROMIS scores, pediatric patients living in areas with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation/disadvantage had worse psychosocial PROs after ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Geographical Variation in Underlying Social Deprivation, Cardiovascular and Other Comorbidities in Patients with Potentially Curable Cancers in England: Results from a National Registry Dataset Analysis.

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), multiple comorbidities and social deprivation in patients with a potentially curable cancer in 20 English Cancer Alliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This National Registry Dataset Analysis used national cancer registry data and CVD databases to describe rates of CVD, comorbidities and social deprivation in patients diagnosed with a potentially curable malignancy (stage I-III breast cancer, stage I-III colon cancer, stage I-III rectal cancer, stage I-III prostate cancer, stage I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer, stage I-IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, stage I-IV Hodgkin lymphoma) between 2013 and 2018. Outcome measures included observation of CVD prevalence, other comorbidities (evaluated by the Charlson Comorbidity Index) and deprivation (using the Index of Multiple Deprivation) according to tumour site and allocation to Cancer Alliance. Patients were allocated to CVD prevalence tertiles (minimum: <33.3rd percentile; middle: 33.3rd to 66.6th percentile; maximum: >66.6th percentile). RESULTS: In total, 634 240 patients with a potentially curable malignancy were eligible. The total CVD prevalence for all cancer sites varied between 13.4% (CVD n = 2058; 95% confidence interval 12.8, 13.9) and 19.6% (CVD n = 7818; 95% confidence interval 19.2, 20.0) between Cancer Alliances. CVD prevalence showed regional variation both for male (16-26%) and female patients (8-16%) towards higher CVD prevalence in northern Cancer Alliances. Similar variation was observed for social deprivation, with the proportion of cancer patients being identified as most deprived varying between 3.3% and 32.2%, depending on Cancer Alliance. The variation between Cancer Alliance for total comorbidities was much smaller. CONCLUSION: Social deprivation, CVD and other comorbidities in patients with a potentially curable malignancy in England show significant regional variations, which may partly contribute to differences observed in treatments and outcomes.

Social deprivation and kidney failure due to an undiagnosed nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: In France, kidney diseases of undetermined origin account for 5%-20% of all causes of end-stage kidney disease. We investigated the impact of social disadvantage on the lack of aetiological diagnosis of nephropathies. METHODS: Data from patients who started dialysis in France between 1 January 2017 and 30 June 2018 were extracted from the French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry. The social deprivation of each individual was estimated by the European Deprivation Index (EDI) defined by the patient's address. Logistic regression was used to perform mediation analysis to study the potential association between social deprivation and unknown nephropathy. RESULTS: Of the 7218 patients included, 1263 (17.5%) had unknown kidney disease. A total of 394 (31.4%) patients in the unknown kidney disease belonged to the most deprived quintile of the EDI [fifth quintile (Q5)], vs 1636 (27.5%) patients in the known kidney disease group. In the multivariate analysis, unknown kidney disease was associated with Q5 (odds ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.74, P = .003). Mediation analysis did not identify any variables (e.g. obesity, initiation of dialysis in emergency, number of visits to the general practitioner and nephrologist before initiation of dialysis, date of first nephrology consultation) that mediated the association between social deprivation and nephropathy of unknown origin. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that, compared with nondeprived subjects, individuals experiencing social deprivation have a higher risk of unknown nephropathy at dialysis initiation. However, mediation analysis did not identify any variables that explained the association between social deprivation and nephropathy of unknown origin.

Neighborhood social deprivation and healthcare utilization, disability, and comorbidities among young adults with congenital heart defects: Congenital heart survey to recognize outcomes, needs, and well-being 2016-2019.

BACKGROUND: Research on the association between neighborhood social deprivation and health among adults with congenital heart defects (CHD) is sparse. METHODS: We evaluated the associations between neighborhood social deprivation and health care utilization, disability, and comorbidities using the population-based 2016-2019 Congenital Heart Survey To Recognize Outcomes, Needs, and well-beinG (CH STRONG) of young adults. Participants were identified from active birth defect surveillance systems in three U.S. sites and born with CHD between 1980 and 1997. We linked census tract-level 2017 American Community Survey information on median household income, percent of ≥25-year-old with greater than a high school degree, percent of ≥16-year-olds who are unemployed, and percent of families with children <18 years old living in poverty to survey data and used these variables to calculate a summary neighborhood social deprivation z-score, divided into tertiles. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) derived from a log-linear regression model with a Poisson distribution estimated the association between tertile of neighborhood social deprivation and healthcare utilization in previous year (no encounters, 1 and ≥2 emergency room [ER] visits, and hospital admission), ≥1 disability, and ≥1 comorbidities. We accounted for age, place of birth, sex at birth, presence of chromosomal anomalies, and CHD severity in all models, and, additionally educational attainment and work status in all models except disability. RESULTS: Of the 1435 adults with CHD, 43.8% were 19-24 years old, 54.4% were female, 69.8% were non-Hispanic White, and 33.7% had a severe CHD. Compared to the least deprived tertile, respondents in the most deprived tertile were more likely to have no healthcare visit (aPR: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1, 2.1]), ≥2 ER visits (1.6 [1.1, 2.3]), or hospitalization (1.6 [1.1, 2.3]) in the previous 12 months, a disability (1.2 [1.0, 1.5]), and ≥1 cardiac comorbidities (1.8 [1.2, 2.7]). CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood social deprivation may be a useful metric to identify patients needing additional resources and referrals.